Lucky film

Extracted from 'Photographic Literature' edited by Albert Boni, published in 1962

Ammann-Brass, H.: Investigations of the Ripening Process in Silver Halide Emulsions-Effect of the Gelatin. Z. wiss. Fhot., 50:173197, Part 1, No. 1-12, 1955.

Analysis of Photographic Emulsion. Nat. Bur.
Stand. Tech. Netos Bull., Sept. 1930

Arens H., and J. Eggert: Zur Frage des Ursilbergehaltes und der Keimbildung in photographischen Emulsionen: Zeit. wiss. Phot., 28: 178, (1930).

Baker, T. Thorne: Dried Emulsions in Industry: with an Account of the Silk Screen Process. Phot. J., 85B: 43-47, (1945).
Historical review of dried granular emulsions, recent patents, and the methods employed by the author. An account is given of the anodizing process for aluminum and the principles of the silk screen printing process described in detail.

Baker, T. Tborne: Photographic Emulsion Technique. 272 pp., illus., Am. Phot. Pub. Co., Boston, 1941.

Baldsiefen, W.D., V.D. Sease, and F.F. Renwick: Silver Iodide in Photographic Emulsions. Phot. J., 66 : 163-184 April 1926. [22 references.]
A brief historical survey of the use of silver iodide in photography is given as an introduction.

Ballard, A. E., C. W. Zuehlke, and R. S. Miller: Internal Gelatin in Photographic Silver Halide Grains. Phot. Sci. Eng. 2:186-189, Dec., 1958 Ansco Abstr. Jan., 1959, p. 5.

Bentzen, T. Emulsions and Baryta Coating. Brit.
J. Phot., 73: 59-62, 499-500, Jan. 29, 1926, Aug. 27, 1926.
Information and formulas for the baryta coatings and the gelatin and colodion emulsions for printing-out papers. Translated and reprinted from Phot. Ind.

Boardman J.F.C., R.H. Herz, and G.C. Terry; Mosaic Structures of Photographic Emulsion Crystals. Nature, 182: 1726, Dec., 20, 1958

Carroll, B.H.: The Preparation of Photographic Emulsions J. Chem. Ed., 8: 2341-2367, (1932).

Carroll, B.H.: A Summary of Emulsion Knowledge. Brit. J. Phot., 79: 622, 637, 654, 684, (1932).

Carroll, B.H., and D. Hubbard: The Comparison of Emulsions Made With Different Bromides. J. Phys. Chem., 31: 906, (1927). Abstract in Sci. Ind. Phot., 7: 146, (1927).
"A valuable paper on the use of various bromides in emulsion making... and full tables as to the grain size, fog, and gammas obtained." E.J. Wall

Carroll, B.H., and D. Hubbard: Kinetics of Reactions behveen Silver Bromide and Photographic Sensitizers. Not. Bur. Stand. J. Research, 12: 329, (1934).

Carroll, B.H., and D. Hubbard: The Photographic Emulsion: After Ripening. Bur. Stand. J. Research, 7: 219-259, (1931).

Carroll, B.H., and D. Hubbard: Sensitization of Photographic Emulsions by Colloidal Materials. Bur. Stand. J. Research, 1: 565-588, (1928); Brit. J. Phot., 75: 711, (1928); Phot, Ind., 27: 321, (1929).

Carroll, Burt H., and Donald Hubbard: The Photographic Emulsion: the Mechanism of Hypersensitisation., U.S. Bureau of Standards Research Paper No. 525. Reprint from Bur. Standards J. Research, 10: 211-228, (1933); J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng., 18: 600, (1932); Sci. Ind. Phot., (2) 3: 245, (1932).
"The precise mechanism by which hypersensitizing agents work is not fully understood, but the most satisfactory explanation has been given by Carroll and Hubbard." Walter Clark.

Carroll, Burt H., and Donald Hubbard: The Photographic Emulsion: Sensitization by Sodium Sulphite. Bureau of Standards Research Paper RP 622. Reprint from Bur. of Stand. J. Research, 11: 743-764, Dec, 1933. [36 references]

Carroll, B.H., D. Hubbard, and C.M. Kretchman: The Photographic Emulsion: Notes on Stability of Finished Plates. Nat. Bur. Stand. J. Research, 12: 223, (1934)

Charriou, Andre, and Suzanne Valette; Positive Photographic Emulsions Phot. J. 76: 407-410, July, 1936.

Chibisov, X.V.: Nature of Light Sensitivity and the Mechanism of Ripening of Photographic Emulsions. Zhur. Nauch. i Priklad, Fotografi i Kinematografi 2: 3-6 No. I., Jan. Feb., 1957. Monthly Abstr. Bull., July, 1957, p. 395.

Chibisov, K.V.: Russian Work on the Theory of Photographic Emulsions. Progress in Photography, 1955-1958, p. 72-87. [83 references.]

Chibisov, K.V., editor: 'Referati Dokladov na Soveshchanii po Khimii Fotografisheskikh Emul'sii. (Abstracts of Lectures Delivered during the Conference on the Chemistry of Photographic Emulsions). Kazan, May 25-29, 1956 91p. Moscow, Izdatel'stvo Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 1956.

Chibisov, K.V.: Work of Soviet Scientists in the Field of Photographic Emulsion Theory. Zhur. Nauch. i Priklad. Fotografi 1 Kinematofrafi, 2: 372-389, No 5 Sept.-Oct., 1957. Monthly Abstr. Bull., March, 1958, P.98 [116 references]

Collins, Arthur Nye: The secrets of modern emulsions, by Arthur Nye Collins. New York, N.Y., Galleon Publishers, Inc. [c1940. 48 p. illus., diagrs. 17cm. (Photo amateur series. no. 10).

Davis, Raymond, and F. M. Walters, Jr.: Sensitometry of photographic emulsions and a survey of the characteristics of plates and films of American manufacture. Washington Govt Print. Off., 1922. 1 p. 1., 120 p. incl illus., diagrs. 27cm. ([US]) Bureau of standards. Scientific papers, no. 439); Brit. J. Phot., 70: 509,525,539,554 (1923).

Demers, P.: Iconographie. Les emulsions nucleaires. Principes et applications. 824 p. Montreal, Les Presses Universitaires de Montreal, 1958.

Du Font de Nemours and Co.: British Patent no. 610,185, May 4, 1945 for the use of N-methyl-para-aminophenol and N-ethyl-para-aminophenol and their salts as stabilizers of silver halide emulsions. From Brit, J. Phot., 96:162, April 8, 1949.

Eder, J. M., and Luppo-Cramer, unter besonderer Mitwirkung von Fritz Wentzel, M. Amdresen und A. Tanzen: Die Photographie mit Bromsilbergelatine und Chlorsilbergelatine. 6th fully revised and enlarged edition. 4 vols. Halle, 1930. Eder Handbuch Vol. 111, parts 1,2,3 and 4.

Effect of Triethanolamine on Photographic Emulsions, Phot. Sci. & Tech., 2:235, Dec., 1958. [5 references.]

Elliott and Sons, Ltd., and J. T. Howe: British Patent no. 601,824, Nov. 4, 1945, for the use of certain pyrimidines as stabilizers of silver halide emulsions as, for example, 2-mercapto-4:6 dimethyl pyrimidine. 2-hydroxy-4 phenyl-6-methyl pyrimidine. 2-hydroxy-4 phenyl guinazaline. 2-mercapto-4 methyl guinazaline. From Brit. J. Phot., 96:162-163, Apr. 8, 1949.

Elvegard, Evert, and George Sjosted. Halogensilberfilme aus Hydratzellulose. Zeit. wiss. Phot., vol. 38, No. 8. Lengthy abstract in Photo Technique, Oct. 1940, p. 70-72.
The use of cellulose hydrates for film, wherein the cellulose acts as a dispersion medium as well as a base support. Procedures for making bromide, chloride, iodide, and mixed silver halide emulsions. Also for fog elimination and for drying.

Evva, F.: Preparation of Photographic Silver Halide Synthetic Emulsions.
I. Grain Growth and the Protective Action of Hydrophilic High Polymers on Silver Halidesols. II. Emulsions with Poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) as Protective Colloid. Z wiss Phot., 52:1-24, 64-74, nos 1-6, 1957.

Fergg, B.: Influence of the Different Components of Photographic Print-Out Emulsions on Image Formation. Z. wiss. Phot., 52:24-54, 1957.

Farrer, W. J. G.: Thallium Bromide Emulsion. Phot. J., 76:486-492, Sept., 1936. [3 refs.]

Friedman, Joseph S.: Photographic Chemistry. Amer. Phot., March 1944, p. 4.

Futaki, Kiyoshi; Yasushi Ohyama, and Toh-Ichi Iwasaki: Influences of Some Addition Agents on the Color of Developed Silver from Liquid Photographic Emulsion. Phot. Sci. & Eng., 4:97-100, March-April, 1960. [6 refs.]

Hormann, Hans von, and Erwin Schopper. Photographische Schichten fur die wissenschaftliche Photographie. Agfa Ver. Zent. Lab., 6.108-133 (1939). [38 references].

Howell, Hutson K.: Photographic Emulsions for Missile Photography. Phot. Sci. & Eng., 2:95-104, Aug., 1958. [4 refs.]

I. G. Farbenindustrie, A. G.: British Patent 271, 475 (1928).
Colloids used in manufacture of silver halide emulsions are, during manufacture, enriched in content of iminazole derivatives. Addition makes possible employment of colloids for highly sensitive emulsions hitherto unusable because they produced fog before ripening of emulsion.

James, T. H., and George C. Higgins: The Photographic Emulsion, p. 8-30. Fundamentals of Photographic Theory. [7 references].

Klein, E.: Electron-Microscope Investigations of Photographic Emulsions.
I. Uncut Emulsion Grains. Phot. Korr., 91:179-186,199-200, Nos. 11, 12, 1955; Mitteilungen aus den Forschungslab. Agfa Leverkusen-Munchen, Vol. I, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1955, p. 10-23. Monthly Abstr. Bull., Aug., 1956, g. 409.
11. Thin Slices through Grains of Photographic Layers by I. Johann and E. Klein. Phot. Korr., 91:201-204, No 12, 1955. Mitteilungen aus don Forschungslab. Agfa Leverkusen Munchen, Vol. I., Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1955, p. 24-29.

Koseki, Y.: Adsorption of Synthetic Retarders on Photographic Emulsion Grains. Sci. et inds. phot., (2) 28:66-68, Feb., 1957. Monthly Abstr. Bull., May, 1957, p. 248.

Koseki, Y., M. Isheda, and Y. Takada: Effect of Penicillin on Photographic Emulsions. III. Influence of Thiazolidine Derivatives on Photographic Emulsions. J. Chem. Soc. Japan (Ind. Chem. Sect.), 54:139-140, 1951. Chem. Abstr., 47:1514 (1953).

Kreveld, A. van, and H. J. Jurriens: Optical Investigation of the Latent Image and the PrintOut Effect of Photographic Emulsions. Physica, 4:285 (1937).

Kuwabara, Y., and K. Aoki: Relationship bet%veen the Stabilizing Effects and the Silver Potentials of Photographic Stabilizers. Konishiroku Rev., 7:109-132, No. 4, Dec., 1956. Monthly Abstr. Bull., Sept., 1958 p. 348.
Tests of 34 stabilizer compounds. Results presented in detail in tables and graphs.

Lyalikov, K. S.: Theory of the Physical Ripening of Photographic Emulsions. Uspekhi Nauch. Fotografii, Akad. Nauk, S.S.S.R., 5:39-54, 1957.
A mathematical theory derived from statistical considerations.

Malinowski, J.: Kinetics of Physical Ripening of Ammonia-Silver Bromide Emulsions. Z. wiss. Phot., 51:186-200, Nos. 7-12, 1956. Monthly Abstr. Bull., Aug., 1957, p. 450.

Some Peculiarities of Physical Ripening by Silver Bromide-Ammonia Emulsions. u. wiss. Phot., 51:200-208, Nos. 7-12, 1956. Monthly Abstr. Bull., Aug., 1957, p. 451.

Marguin, G.: Use of Nuclear Emulsions in the Study of B-Radiation. Ann. physique, (13) 2: 318-368, May-June, 1957.
A comprehensive study of the use of electronsensitive emulsions. Part one deals with the processing of such emulsions, with particular regard to thick emulsions and to the removal of background. Two: A theoretical consideration of electron-energy measurements compared with experimental results. Three: Experimental techniques and results of a study of the transmission of electrons and positrons through thin, metallic films. (From Monthly Abstr. Bull.)

Matejec, R.: Experiments on the Formation and Crystallographic Stability of Silver Bromide Grains in Saturated Bromide- and Ammonia Complex Solutions. Phot. Sci, & Eng., 4:281-284, Sept.-Oct., 1960. [7 refs.]

Mees, C.E,K.: The Theory of the Photographic Process. 2nd revised ed., New York 1954. (Part I. "The Photographic Material", Chapter 1, 2. 3, p. 3-98). [210 references].

Miyata, M.: Formation and Function of Sensitizing Specks of Silver Bromide Grains in Photographic Emulsions. Sci. et inds. phot., (a) 29:81-81 March, 1958. Monthly Abstr. Bull., July, 1958, P. 289.

Mizuki, E.: Nature of the Bromide Emulsion without Afterripening. Sci. Publ. Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., no, 3 1955 p. 22-25. (In Japanese with English abstract.)

Mueller F.W.H. (Assigned to General Analine and Film Corporation.): Patents for stabilizing silver halide emulsion and inhibiting fog therein. British patent no. 441,625 for the use of sulphinic and seleninic acids. British patent no. 603,187 for the improvement of patent no. 441,625 by the addition of small quantities of the salts or esters of substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic theosulphonic acids (sulphoxides) to the emulsion. British patent no. 604,151 for the use of polythionic acids and their alkali metal salts, or thioanhydrides of sulphonic acids with colloidal sulphur or selenium. British patent no. 604,153 for the use of another type of polysulphide. Specified examples include 4:4'-diphenyl disulphide disulphonic acid sodium salt, 2:2':4:4'-tetranitro diphenyl disulphide, bismercaptothiodiazole disulphide, diphenyl tetrasulphide and piperine trisulphide. British patent no. 609,818. A development of British patent no. 604,153. British patent no. 610,531. A
further development of B.P. nos. 604,153 and 610,531. In the specifications the compounds are divided into three groups.

Group I. includes cystine, dicarbobenzoxy eystine, diglycol cystine. Group II. dibenzylidene cystine, and Group. III. dialanyl cystine anhydride cystine-bis-1-acetyl-2-thiohydantoin, cystine disulphoxide. From abstract in Brit. J Phot., 96:151-152, April 1, 1949.

Mueller, F.W.H.. Some Remarks on Gold Treatment of Photographic Silver Halide Emulsions. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 39:494-496, June, 1949.
"In 1036, Koslowsky found that a two-to threefold increase in emulsion speed resulted from addition of gold complex salts in aqueous solutions of ammonium thiocyanate or potassium thiocyanate during after ripening or to the melted emulsion before coating Mueller found similar increases of speed by bathing coated film in such solutions... Platinum salts produce distinctly smaller sensitivity increases than gold." Monthly Abstr. Bull.

Murobushi K H Ichifuji and E. Ashikawa: Synthetic Retarders for Photographic Properties of Phenylterazole Derivatives. J. Chem. Soc. Japan, Ind. Chem. Sect., 57:232-234, 1954; Chem. Abstr., 49: 2227, No. 4, Feb. 25, 1955. (For Part V, see J. Chem. Soc. Japan, Ind. Chem. Sect., 56:539- 542, 1953; Chem. Abstr., 48:11963, 1954, Monthly Abstr. Bull., 41:348, 1955). Monthly Abstr. Bull. March, 1956, p. 128.

Narath, A., and E. Borcke: Accelerators of the Physical Ripening of Emulsions with Synthetic Binding Agents. Sci. et inds. phot., (2) 28.
104-105, March, 1957. Monthly Anstr. Bull., July, 1957, p. 400.

Narath, A., and G, Schimmel: Diffusion of light in Photographic Emulsions as a Function of the Emulsion Thickness and the Wavelength of the Light. Sci. et inds. phot., (2) 26;345-353, Sept., 1955. Monthly Abstr. Bull. Feb., 1956 P. 99.

Neblette, C. B.: Photography, p. 118-124, 5th ed., New York, 1955. [47 references].

Neduzhii S. A.: Use of Ultrasonics in the Manufacture of Photographic Emulsions. Trudy Vsesoyuz. Nauch.- Issled. Kinofotoinst. p. 133-147, No. 28, 1959: Tekh. Kino i Televidenaya, 4:82, March, 1960.
A review of papers devoted to the applications of ultrasonics in the manufacture of photographic emulsions.

Oyama, Y.: Surface-Active Properties of Physical Ripening Accelerators. Sci. et inds. phot., (2) 27:390-392, Oct., 1956. Monthly Abstr. Bull., March, 1957, p. 123-124.

Peronnett, J., and P. Bicquard: Application of Ultrasonics in Photography. Sci. ind. phot., 18: 161-62, June, 1947. (Cf. B. Claus: Z. tech. Physik, 15:74, 1934; Monthly Abstr. Bull., 20:263, 1934. B. Claus; Fr. Pat. 752,847 (1933) in Monthly Abstr. Bull., 20:410, 1934. H. Freundlich, F. Rodowski, and K. Sollner: Kollaid Chem. Beih., 37:223 1933.)
A systematic series of tests on the action of ultrasonic vibrations on photographic emulsions at frequencies between 250 and 1000 kilocycles per second, generated from a quartz oscillator at a maximum intensity sufficient to produce a geyser some centimeters high above the surface of the liquid, failed to produce the slightest observable effect on the qualities of the emulsions. Reduction of agglomerates of the halide crystals was especially sought for. Attempts to facilitate the dispersing of gelatin in water were also unsuccessful. These results are not in agreement with certain previous claims in the literature. Abstr. Bull.

Ratner, I. M., K. V. Chibisov, and V. A. Kargin: Structure of Silver Centers in Photographic Emulsions. Zhur. Nauch. i Priklad. Fotografii i Kinentografii, 2:7-12, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., 1950. Monthly Abstr. Bull., July, 1957, P. 395

Sheppard, S. E.: Photographic Gelatin. (Comm. no. 240). Phot. J., 65:380-387 (1925). [7 references].
Announcing the successful isolation and identification of the chemical constituent of gelatin responsible for the enhanced sensitivity of high speed emulsions, i.e. very small traces of organic isothiocyanates (thiocarbimides) and thiocarbamides, and specifically allyl mustard oil and allyl thioourea. The thicoarbamides interact with the silver halides forming nuclei of silver sulphide which is the material of the "sensitivity centres." Silver selenide and telluride can function equivalently.
This paper has been called by F. C. Toy "probably the greatest contribution yet made to the solution of the problem of the constitution of the nucleus of the photographic emulsion and the causes of its formation."

Sheppard, S. E.: Characteristics and Anomalies of Emulsions on Development. 1. (Comm. No. 261) Phot. J.- 66:190-200, April 1926. [31 references]

Sheppard, S.E..: Anti-Fogging and Anti-Sensitizing Effects (Comm. No. 342) Phot.J., 69: 37-42, Jan., 1929. See also p 206-209 for reply to dicussion on his paper. [17 references]

Sheppard, S. E.: The Function of Gelatin in Photographic Emulsions. (Comm. No. 384) Phot. J., 69:330-336, July, 1929. [49 references]

Sheppard, S. E.: Sulfur Compounds and Photographic Emulsions. (Comm. No. 595). Sci. ind. phot., (2) 7:361-365, (1936). [13 references]

Sheppard, S. E., and E. P. Wightnan: Effect of Environment on Photographic Sensitivity (Comm. No. 349) Phot. J., 69: 22-35, 134 [40 references]

Sherman, P.: Factors Influencing Emulsion Viscosity and Stability. Research, 8: 396-401, Oct., 1955. [Bibliography with 40 refs.]

Silberstein, L.: On Size-Frequency Distribution in Photographic Emulsions. (Comm. No. 873). J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 33: 35-42, (1943).

Silberstein, L. and A.P.H. Trivelli Relations bet%veen the Sensitometric and the Size-Frequency Characteristics of Photographic Emulsions (Comm. No. 679) J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 28: 441-59, 1938

Sivadjian, J.: Hygrophotographic Emulsion Obtained Directly by the Action of Colloidal Silver on Mercuric Iodine. Bull. soc. chim. de France, p. 233, Feb., 1961.

Tejima H. K Murobushi, and E. Ashikawa: New Emulsions-Hardeners Containing Hydroxy-methyl Groups. Konishiroka Rev 7:1-12 No 4 Dec., 1956. Sci. et inds. phot., (2) 28:73b:74, Feb., 1957. Monthly Abstr. Bull., May, 1957, p. 248.

Trivelli, A.P.H., and W. F. Smith (Assigned to Eastman Kodak Co): British Patents no. 602, 158 and 602, 160, June 14, 1946, for the use of complex halides of ruthenium, palladium, iridium and rhodium to reduce the tendency of a stored emulsion to show fog on storage.
If these compounds are incorporated in the emulsions in very small quantities (e.g. 5-to 250 mgm per kilogram of silver nitrate), they sometimes impart increased sensitivity to the emulsion.
Increased sensitivity can also be obtained by adding sulphur sensitizers in conjunction with these stabilizing compounds. Examples of sulfur sensitisers are arnmonium and alkali metal thioyanates, thiourea, alkyl isothiocyanate, or thiosinamine. An example of this use, employing sodium thiocyanate added to the emulsion before second digestion, and with and without the addition of (NH4)2 Pd CI6, and ascorbic acid, showed an increase in speed of about 20 per cent by the addition of the palladium salt and ascorbic acid. from Brit. J. Phot., 96: 162, April 8, 1949.

U.S. Patent no. 2,768,079 [Preparation of Washed Photographic Emulsions.]

Wall, Edward John. Photographic Emulsions, Their Preparation and Coating on Glass, Celluloid, and Paper, Experimentally and on the Large Scale. VIII, 256 p., illus. Boston, Amer. Phot. Pub. Co., 1929. [90 refs.]

Wentzel, Fritz: Herstellung der Haloidsilber-Gelatineemulsionen. Eder Handbuch, Vol. III, part 1, p. 88-213. [300 references]

White, D. R.: Proposed Spectral Sensitivity Index to Describe Photographic Emulsions. J. Franklin Inst., 237: 289-300 (April, 1944.)

Wilkins T. R.: Range-energy Relations for Ilford Nuclear Emulsions. A.E.R.E. Report, 1951.

Wood, H. W..- Adsorbed Gelatin of Emulsion Grains. J. Phot. Sci., 5: 146, No. 6, Nov.Dec., 1957. Monthly Abstr. Bull., June, 1958, p. 226.

Zelikman, V.L.: The Work of Soviet-Scientists in the Field of Photographic Emulsion Technology. Zhurnal Nauchnoi i Prikladnoi Fotografi i Kinematografii, 3: 452-468, Nov.-Dec., 1958. Reviews 223 published papers.

Zharkov, V.N., and E.P. Dobroserdova. Crystallization of Silver Halide in Photographic Emulsions. I - The Electron-Microscopic Investigation of Silver Chloride Emulsions. II - Electron-Microscropic Study of Non-ammoniacal Silver Bromide Emulsions. III. - Electron-Microscopic Study of Ammoniacal Silver Bromide Emulsions. IV. - Electron-Microscopic Study of Silver Iodide Emulsions. V. - Qualitative Theory of the Separation of the Solid Phase by V.N. Zharkov. Zhur. Nauk i Priklad. Photographi i Kinematografi, I: 170-173 No. 3, May-June, 1956: Ibid., I:250-253, No. 4, July-Aug., 1956; Ibid., 1:337-341, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1956- Ibid. 2. 103-105, No. 2, March-April, 1957, Monthly Abstr. Bull., Sept., 1957, p. 502-505.

Additional References

Brit. Chem. Abstr. Coll. Index, 1923-1932. [135 refs.]

Chem. Abstr., 1937 to date [750 refs.]
Listed under Photography, Emulsions

J. Opt, Sao. Amer. Cum. Index, 1917-1950
[220 references listed under "Photographic Emulsions"]

Monthly Abstr. Bull., [20 to 30 abstracts monthly, grouped under the caption "Preparation of Emulsions" beginning Jan., 1960.]

Nuclear Sci. Abstr. Index, 1958 [115 refs.]

Nuclear Sci. Abstr. Index, 1959 [127 refs.]

Listed under "Nuclear Emulsions"- "Photographic Emulsions"; "Photographic Film Detectors".

Phot. Abstr. Cum. Index, 1921-1930 [40 refs.]

Phot. Abstr. Cum. Index, 1931-1940 [175 refs.]

Phot. Abstr. Cum. Index, 1941-1950 [250 refs.]

Phot. Abstr. 1956 [77 refs.]

Photographic Chemicals and Emulsions OTS Selective Bibliography SB-417. 8 p., 112 references from 1950 to July, 1960. Washington, Office of Technical Services, Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1960.

R.P.S. Subj. Cat. [38 books listed under "Gelatine Bromide Emulsion".]

Science Library. A Short list of modern literature on the manufacture, examination and testing of Photographic emulsions. [1923-1934] Bibliographic Series No. 176, London, Science Museum, 1935. [161 references]

Consult indexes of Abridged Scientific Publications from the Kodak Research Laboratories.

See also: Effect, Clayden (MacWilliam); Emulsions-Nuclear

See also: Collodion Processes; Film; Gelatin; Grain; Plates; Sensitivity, Spectral; Sensitization, Optical)

See also. Nflcroseop3, (Mein) TherznograpWc Pro. cesses, (Vander Meulen)

See also Nuclear Science; Nuclear Track Photography.

EMULSIONS, Analysis of See: Chemical Analysis.

EMULSIONS, GrainIess

Goldberg, E. A New Process of Micro-Photography, Brit. J. Phot., 73: 462-65, 1926
Complete formulas for a grainless silver nitrate-collodion printing out emulsion, with detaiied description of technique and apparatus for securing reductions of one thousand diameters, with resolution below one micron.

Goldberg, E.. Phot. lnd., 1917, p. 448. A modified tannin process worked out by Dr. Goldberg.

Goldberg, E..- Zeit. wiss. Phot., 12: 77, (1913).
"On the resolving power and on the limit of separation of photographic films in the tannin process".

Grainless Negatives. Photography, 1916, p. 72.
Develop with pyro developer free from sulfite, then remove silver with Farmer's Reducer, leaving an absolutely grainless pyro stain image, containing all the gradation of the original negative. This experiment was confirmed in Research Laboratory of Eastman Kodak. (from Monthly Abstr. Bull.)

Jahr, R.; Lehmann's Method for the Preparation of so-called "Grainless" Plates for Lippmann's Interference Color Process. Phot. Ind., 1925, p. 1013-1014. Phot. Abstr. 5: 170, (1925) gives formula and procedure. See also: Mees Theory, p. 34. Eder Handbuch, vol. II, part 1, p. 7.

Lehmann H.: Phot. Rund., 1909, Heft. II. Gives a full, detailed description of the processing of Lippman Interference Plates.

Miethe,: Zeitscrift fur Instrumentenkunde, 2: 190, (1912); Bull. Soc. Franc. Phot., 1912., p. 329.
A modified Taupenot Albumen Process, which gives, according to Dr. E. Goldberg some improved degree of certainty in the manipulation.

J. Rheinberg: Science et Industrie Phot. 2.20, (1922).

See also Diazotype
See also Lippmann, Gabriel; Lippmann Process

EMULSION, Lippmann's
See. Emulsion, "Grainless" - Jahr.

EMULSIONS, MANUFACTURE OF
Phot. Abstr. Cum. Index, 1921-1930 [25 refs.]

EMULSIONS - Nuclear
Gauvin, H., and W. Sebaoun: Preparation and Properties of Nuclear Emulsions of Pure Silver Chloride. Sci. et inds. phot., (2) 29:128-133, April, 1958.
Narath, A.: Preparation of Nuclear-Track Emulsions (Uber die Herstellung von Kernspuremulsionen). 36 p., Cologne, Westdeutscher Verlag, 1961.

Teucher, M.,: Technique and Applications of Nuclear Emulsions. Ergebnisse der exakt. Naturwissenschaften, 28: 407-471, 1955.
A description of the composition, method of use and development processes for nuclear emulsions manufactured by different firms,

Yagoda, Herman Joseph. Radioactive Measurements with Nuclear Emulsions. 12°, X, 356 p., illus., New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1949. [Bibliography of 616 references.]

Additional References

Allen, Robert E.: Photographic Techniques and Equipment - A Selected List of Unclassified AEC Reports. Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, July 1954. [110 references]

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission: Nuclear Science Abstracts, Vols. 1-to date. Technical Information Service, A.E.C., Oak Ridge, Tenn., July 1948 to date.
[822 references in the Annual Subject Indexes, 1950-1958 listed under "Nuclear Emulsions"; "Photographic Emulsion Detectors"; "Photographic Emulsions" and "Photographic Film"; 4 Photographic Film Detectors.]

See also Emulsions (Demers)
See also Nuclear Science. Additional References (Goldschmidt);) (Sherman.)

EMULSIONS, Resolving Power of

Breido, I.I.; Resolving Power of Photographic Materials in Ultraviolet Radiation. Zhur. Tekh. Fiz. S.S.S.R., 22: 508-514, No. 3, 1952. Abstr. in Monthly Abstr. Bull., May 1956, p. 261

Breido, I.I., and P. K. Pruss: Spectral Distribution of the Scattering of Light by Photographic Emulsions and the Effect of Sensitization on Resolving Power. Zhur. Tekh. Fiz. S.S.S.R.,
22: 515-524 No 3, 1952. Monthly Abstr. Bull., May, 1956, p. 251

Carroll, Burt Haring, and Donald Hubbard: A comparison of resolving power and sensitivity of photographic plates with varying development. (R P 183, in U. S. Bureau of standards. Bureau of standards journal of research. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1930. 23 1/2 cm. Running title: Developer comparison. [US] Bureau of standards. Research paper no. 183. Reprint from Bureau of standards journal of research, v. 5, July, 1930)

Charriou, and Valette Bull. Soc. franc. phot., 24: 64 - April 1937
Study of various exposure and development factors on resolving power. Conclude that buffered borax developer gives maximum emulsion speed and resolving power but rather too low contrast.

Frieser, H.: Intensity and Density Distributions in Unsharp Images. Phot. Korr., 92: 165-169, No. 10, 1956. Monthly Abstr. Bull., March, 1957, p. 139.

Frieser, H.: The Reproduction of Small Details by Photographic Emulsions. I. - Phot. Korr., 91: 69-77, No. 5, 1955. II. - Phot. Korr., 92: 51-60, No. 4, 1956, p. 143; March, 1957, p. 139.

Frieser, H., and H. Linke: Measurement of resolving power. Zeit. wiss. Phot., Jan.-Feb., 1938.
Experimental and theoretical connections between the different methods which have been proposed for determining resolving power: (1) visual method, (2) slit-image broadening method, method of diminishing amplitude. from abstract in Phat. Tech., Sept., 1939, p. 42-43.

Goldberg, E.. On the Resolving Power of the Photographic Plate. Phot. J., 36: 300, (1912).
"...the fundamental paper..." S. E. Sheppard.

Goldberg, E. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Phot. 12: 77, 1913

Hariharan, P.: Resolving Power of Photographic Emulsions. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 46: 315-323, May, 1956.

Mees, C.E.K.-. Theory of the Pbotographic Process. Revised edition, New York, 1954. [136 references]

Neblette Photography p. 386-389. [11 references.]

Roeder, H.: Die Auflasungsvermogen bei der photograpischen Aufnahme. Phot. Ind., 39: 351-356, 371-373, 385-388, 401-403, 418-420, 432-434, 449-452, May 28-July 9, 1941.

Roeder, H., and G. Hansen: Die Auflosungvermogen bei der photographischen Aufnahme. Phot. Ind., 40: 128-130, 139-140, May 12, May 26, 1942.

Ronchi, V.: Ueber das Auflosungsvermogen von photographiseben Schichten. Z. W. P., 39: I, (1940).
A summary of extensive research on resolving power carried out by the staff of the Reale Instituto Nazionale di Ottica.

Ross, F. E.: Film Distortion and Accuracy of Photographic Registration of Position. (Comm. No. 154) Astrophys. J., 57: 33-48, Jan. 1923. [11 references]

Ross, Frank E.: Photographic Sharpness and Resolving Power. (Comm. No. 90) Astrophys. J., 52: 201-231, Nov. 1920. [5 references]

Ross, F.E.: The Physics of the Developed Photographic Image. Monographs on the Theory of Photography from the Research Laboratory of the Eastman Kodak Co. No. 5. Rochester 1924. [Extensive bibliography]

Sandvik, 0.: On the Measurement of Resolving Power of Photographic Materials. (Comm. no. 289). J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 14: 169, (1927); Z. wiss. Phot., 24: 336, (1927); Kinotechnik, 9: 204, (1927).

Sayce, Leonard A.: The measurement of resolving power. Part 1. Phot, J., 80: 454-457, 469, Dec., 1940. [10 references]

Trivelli, A.P.H. and W.F. Smith Resolving Power and Structure in Photographic Emulsion Series (Comm. No. 711) Fhot. J., 79: 630-34, 1939

Additional References
J. Opt. Soc. Amer, Cum. Ind., 1917-1935. [12 references p. 109 under Image Structure.]

Phot. Abstr. Cum. Index, 1931-1940 [54 refs.]
Listed under "Resolving Power."